Aggiungi due numeri in modo sicuro, in C

Tutti sanno che C è un linguaggio di programmazione adorabile, sicuro e di alto livello. Tuttavia, come programmatore si imposta la seguente attività.

Scrivi un programma per aggiungere due numeri.

• Input: due numeri interi separati da spazio.
• Output: la somma dei due numeri nell'input.

La svolta è che il tuo codice deve essere sicuro al 100%. In altre parole, deve comportarsi correttamente, qualunque sia l'input. Se l'input è effettivamente due numeri interi separati da spazio, entrambi lunghi meno di 100 cifre, deve generare la somma. Altrimenti, deve emettere un messaggio di errore ed uscire in modo sicuro.

Dopo tutto, quanto può essere difficile?

Complimenti generali saranno dati a casi di input patologici che infrangono le risposte degli altri :)

Il codice deve essere compilato senza avvisi usando gcc -Wall -Wextra su Ubuntu.

Una precisazione.

• L'input proviene da stdin.
• Lo spazio bianco orizzontale è solo un carattere spazio singolo. Non ci dovrebbe essere nulla prima del primo numero e l'input deve essere terminato con newline + EOF o solo EOF.
• l'unico input valido, specificato in Augmented Backus-Naur Form , è:

    NONZERODIGIT = "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / ​​"5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9"
    POSITIVENUMBER = NONZERODIGIT * 98DIGIT
    NEGATIVENUMBER = "-" POSITIVENUMBER
    NUMERO = NEGATIVENUMBER / POSITIVENUMBER / "0"
    VALIDINPUT = NUMBER SP NUMBER * 1LF EOF

• Il messaggio di errore è la singola lettera "E", seguita da una nuova riga.
• Il codice deve terminare in modo pulito in meno di 0,5 secondi, indipendentemente dall'input.

6610 byte (non modificato)

Programma C "Bravo ragazzo" che soddisfa tutti i criteri della sfida. Utilizza il complemento 10s per i numeri negativi. Inoltre incluso, un cablaggio di test e casi di test.

/*
Read input from STDIN. The input must conform to VALIDINPUT:

    NONZERODIGIT = "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9"
    POSITIVENUMBER = NONZERODIGIT *98DIGIT
    NEGATIVENUMBER = "-" POSITIVENUMBER
    NUMBER = NEGATIVENUMBER / POSITIVENUMBER / "0"
    VALIDINPUT = NUMBER SP NUMBER *1LF EOF

Check syntax of input. If input is correct, add the two numbers and print
to STDOUT.

LSB => least significant byte
MSB => most significant byte
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define NUL ('\0')
/*
    maximum characters in VALIDINPUT:
        '-'     1
        POSITIVENUMBER  MAXDIGITS
        ' '     1
        '-'     1
        POSITIVENUMBER  MAXDIGITS
        LF      1
*/
#define MAXDIGITS (99)
#define MAXVALIDINPUT (2*MAXDIGITS+4)

void die() { printf("E\n"); exit(1); }

/*
    Add two NUMBERs and print the result to STDOUT.  The NUMBERS have
been separated into POSITIVENUMBERS and sign information.

Arguments:
    first       - pointer to LSB of 1st POSITIVENUMBER
    firstSize   - size of 1st POSITIVENUMBER
    firstNegative   - is 1st # negative?
    second      - pointer to LSB of 2nd POSITIVENUMBER
    secondSize  - size of 2nd POSITIVENUMBER
    secondNegative  - is 2nd # negative?
    carry       - carry from previous place?

Returns:
    sum[]       - sum
    addNUMBERs()    - carry to next place?

- Don't use complementDigit(popDigit(p,s),n). Side-effects generate two pops.
*/
#define popDigit(p,s) ((s)--,(*(p++)-'0'))
#define complementDigit(c,n) ((n) ? 9-(c) : (c))

#define pushSum(c) (*(--sumPointer)=(c))
#define openSum() (pushSum(NUL))
#define closeSum() ;
char    sum[MAXVALIDINPUT];
char    *sumPointer = sum+sizeof(sum);
int addNUMBERs(char *first, int firstSize, bool firstNegative,
        char *second, int secondSize, bool secondNegative,
        int previousCarry) {
    int firstDigit, secondDigit;
    int mySum;
    int myCarry;

    /*
        1st half of the problem.

        Build a stack of digits for "first" and "second"
    numbers. Each recursion of addNUMBERs() contains one digit
    of each number for that place. I.e., the 1st call holds
    the MSBs, the last call holds the LSBs.

        If negative, convert to 10s complement.
    */
    assert((firstSize > 0) && (secondSize > 0));
    if (firstSize > secondSize) {
        firstDigit = popDigit(first, firstSize);
        firstDigit = complementDigit(firstDigit, firstNegative);
        secondDigit = 0;
    } else if (secondSize > firstSize) {
        firstDigit = 0;
        secondDigit = popDigit(second, secondSize);
        secondDigit = complementDigit(secondDigit, secondNegative);
    } else {
        //  same size
        firstDigit = popDigit(first, firstSize);
        firstDigit = complementDigit(firstDigit, firstNegative);
        secondDigit = popDigit(second, secondSize);
        secondDigit = complementDigit(secondDigit, secondNegative);
    }

    //  recursion ends at LSB
    if ((firstSize == 0) && (secondSize == 0)) {
        //  if negative, add 1 to complemented LSB
        if (firstNegative) {
            firstDigit++;
        }
        if (secondNegative) {
            secondDigit++;
        }
        myCarry = previousCarry;
    } else {
        myCarry = addNUMBERs(first, firstSize, firstNegative,
            second, secondSize, secondNegative,
            previousCarry);
    }

    /*
        2nd half of the problem.

        Sum the digits and save them in first[].
    */
    mySum = firstDigit + secondDigit + ((myCarry) ? 1 : 0);
    if ((myCarry = (mySum > 9))) {
        mySum -= 10;
    }
    pushSum(mySum + '0');
    return(myCarry);
}

//  Handle the printing logic.
void addAndPrint(char *first, int firstSize, bool firstNegative,
        char *second, int secondSize, bool secondNegative,
        int previousCarry) {

    openSum();
    addNUMBERs(first, firstSize, firstNegative,
        second, secondSize, secondNegative,
        previousCarry)
    closeSum();
    if (*sumPointer<'5') {
        //  it's positive
        for (; *sumPointer=='0'; sumPointer++) {} // discard leading 0s
        //  if all zeros (sumPointer @ NUL), back up one
        sumPointer -= (*sumPointer == NUL) ? 1 : 0;
        printf("%s\n", sumPointer);
    } else {
        //  it's negative
        char    *p;

        //  discard leading 0s (9s in 10s complement)
        for (; *sumPointer=='9' && *sumPointer; sumPointer++) {}
        //  if -1 (sumPointer @ EOS), back up one
        sumPointer -= (*sumPointer == NUL) ? 1 : 0;
        for (p=sumPointer; *p; p++) {
            *p = '0' + ('9' - *p); // uncomplement
            //  special handling, +1 for last digit
            *p += (*(p+1)) ? 0 : 1;
        }
        printf("-%s\n", sumPointer);

    }
    return;
}

/*
    Lex a number from STDIN.

Arguments:
    bufferPointer - pointer to a pointer to a buffer, use as
            **buffer = c;   // put "c" in the buffer
            *buffer += 1;   // increment the buffer pointer
            (*buffer)++;    // also increments the buffer pointer

All sorts of side-effects:
    - getc(stdin)
    - ungetc(...,stdin)
    - modifies value of **bufferPointer
    - modifies value of *bufferPointer

Returns:
    lexNUMBER() - number of bytes added to *bufferPointer,
            *1 if POSITIVENUMBER,
            *-1 if NEGATIVENUMBER
    *bufferPointer - points to the LSB of the number parsed + 1
*/
#define pushc(c) (*((*bufferPointer)++)=c)
bool lexNUMBER(char **bufferPointer) {
    char    c;
    int size = 0;
    bool    sign = false;

    /* lex a NUMBER */
    if ((c=getchar()) == '0') {
        pushc(c);
        c = getchar();
        size++;
    } else {
        if (c == '-') {
            sign = true;
            c = getchar();
            // "-" isn't a digit, don't add to size
        }
        if (c == '0') {
            die();
        }
        for (size=0; isdigit(c); size++) {
            if (size >= MAXDIGITS) {
                die();
            }
            pushc(c);
            c = getchar();
        }
    }
    if (size < 1) {
        die();
    }
    ungetc(c,stdin);        // give back unmatched character
    return (sign);
}

int main() {
    int c;
    char    buffer[MAXVALIDINPUT];
    char    *bufferPointer;
    char    *first, *second;
    int firstSize, secondSize;
    bool    firstNegative, secondNegative;

    bufferPointer = buffer + 1; // hack, space for leading digit
    //  parse 1st number
    first = bufferPointer;
    firstNegative = lexNUMBER(&bufferPointer);
    firstSize = bufferPointer - first;
    *(bufferPointer++) = NUL;   // hack, space for EOS
    bufferPointer++;        // hack, space for leading digit
    //  parse separating blank
    if ((c=getchar()) != ' ') {
        die();
    }
    //  parse 2nd number
    second = bufferPointer;
    secondNegative = lexNUMBER(&bufferPointer);
    secondSize = bufferPointer - second;
    *(bufferPointer++) = NUL;   // hack, space for EOS
    //  parse end of input
    c = getchar();
    if (! ((c == EOF) || ((c == '\n') && ((c=getchar()) == EOF))) ) {
        die();
    }
    //  Some very implementation-specific massaging.
    *(--first) = '0';       // prefix with leading 0
    *(first+(++firstSize)) = NUL;   // add EOS
    *(--second) = '0';      // prefix with leading 0
    *(second+(++secondSize)) = NUL; // add EOS
    //  add and print two arbitrary precision numbers
    addAndPrint(first, firstSize, firstNegative,
        second, secondSize, secondNegative, false);
    return(0);
}

Ecco un piccolo cablaggio di prova e alcuni casi di test per iniziare. Sentiti libero di strappare l'uso eccessivo di perl. Il sistema su cui è stato sviluppato non ha avuto un bash moderno.

#!/bin/bash
#
#   testharness.sh
#
# Use as: bash testharness.sh program_to_be_tested < test_data
#
# Each line in the test data file should be formatted as:
#
#   INPUT = bash printf string, must not contain '"'
#   OUTPUT = perl string, must not contain '"'
#           (inserted into the regex below, use wisely)
#   TESTNAME = string, must not contain '"'
#   GARBAGE = comments or whatever you like
#   INPUTQUOTED = DQUOTE INPUT DQUOTE
#   OUTPUTQUOTED = DQUOTE OUTPUT DQUOTE
#   TESTQUOTED = DQUOTE TESTNAME DQUOTE
#   TESTLINE = INPUTQUOTED *WSP OUTPUTQUOTED *WSP TESTQUOTED GARBAGE
TESTPROGRAM=$1
TMPFILE=testharness.$$
trap "rm $TMPFILE" EXIT
N=0         # line number in the test file
while read -r line; do
    N=$((N+1))
    fields=$(perl -e 'split("\"",$ARGV[0]);print "$#_";' "$line")
    if [[ $fields -lt 5 ]]; then
        echo "skipped@$N"
        continue
    fi
    INPUT=$(perl -e 'split("\"",$ARGV[0]);print "$_[1]";' "$line")
    OUTPUT=$(perl -e 'split("\"",$ARGV[0]);print "$_[3]";' "$line")
    TESTNAME=$(perl -e 'split("\"",$ARGV[0]);print "$_[5]";' "$line")
    printf -- "$INPUT" | $TESTPROGRAM > $TMPFILE
    perl -e "\$t='^\\\s*$OUTPUT\\\s*\$'; exit (<> =~ \$t);" < $TMPFILE
    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then     # perl -e "exit(0==0)" => 1
        echo "ok $TESTNAME"
    else
        echo -n "failed@$N $TESTNAME," \
            "given: \"$INPUT\" expected: \"$OUTPUT\" received: "
        cat $TMPFILE
        echo
    fi
done

Una piccola serie di casi di test:

"0 0"       "0" "simple, 0+0=0"
"1 1"       "2" "simple, 1+1=2"

""      "E" "error, no numbers"
"0"     "E" "error, one number"
"0  0"      "E" "error, two/too much white space"
"0 0 "      "E" "error, trailing characters"
"01 0"      "E" "error, leading zeros not allowed"

"-0 0"      "E" "error, negative zero not allowed
"0 -0"      "E" "error, negative zero not allowed here either

"1 1\n"     "2" "LF only allowed trailing character

"\0001 1\n"    "E" "error, try to confuse C string routines #1"
"1\00 1\n"  "E" "error, try to confuse C string routines #2"
"1 \0001\n"    "E" "error, try to confuse C string routines #3"
"1 1\000\n"    "E" "error, try to confuse C string routines #4"
"1 1\n\000"    "E" "error, try to confuse C string routines #5"

"-1 -1"     "-2"    "add all combinations of -1..1 #1"
"-1 0"      "-1"    "add all combinations of -1..1 #2"
"-1 1"      "0" "add all combinations of -1..1 #3"
"0 -1"      "-1"    "add all combinations of -1..1 #4"
"0 0"       "0" "add all combinations of -1..1 #5"
"0 1"       "1" "add all combinations of -1..1 #6"
"1 -1"      "0" "add all combinations of -1..1 #7"
"1 0"       "1" "add all combinations of -1..1 #8"
"1 1"       "2" "add all combinations of -1..1 #9"

"0 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789" "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789" "0+99 digits should work"

"100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "99 digits+99 digits should work"

"500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "test for accumulator overflow"

"-123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 0" "-123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789" "0+negative 99 digits work"

"-100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 -100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "-200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "99 digits+99 digits (both negative) should work"

"-500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 -500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "-1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" "test for negative accumulator overflow"

"1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0" "E" "error, 100 digits"

289

EDIT : questo codice funziona solo per numeri interi positivi. Le regole sono cambiate da quando ho pubblicato questa risposta.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int r[101],s;void x(int i){r[i]|=32;if(r[i]>41)r[i+1]++,r[i]-=10,x(i+1);}void f(int b){int c=getchar();if(c!=b){if(s>99||c<48||c>57)exit(puts("E"));f(b);r[s]+=c-48;x(s++);}}int main(){f(32);s=0;f(10);for(s=100;s--;)if(r[s])putchar(r[s]+16);return 0;}

Versione non registrata e commentata:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

//global variables are automatically init to zero
int result[101]; //101 because 2 numbers of 100 digits can give a 101-digits result
int currentNumber;

void reportAddition(int i) {
    result[i]|=0x20; //flag "active" value, 6th bit
    if(result[i]>9+0x20) {
        result[i+1]++;
        result[i]-=10;
        reportAddition(i+1);
    }
}

void addNumber(int endingChar) {
    int c=getchar();
    if(c!=endingChar) {
        if(currentNumber>99||c<'0'||c>'9') //error
            exit(puts("Error"));
        addNumber(endingChar);
        result[currentNumber]+=c-'0';
        reportAddition(currentNumber); //handle case when addition give a value greater than 9
        currentNumber++;
    }
}

int main() {

    addNumber(' '); //add first number
    currentNumber=0;
    addNumber('\n'); //add second

    for(currentNumber=100;currentNumber--;)
        if(result[currentNumber])
            putchar(result[currentNumber]+'0'-0x20); //display char
    return 0;
}

442

È piuttosto lungo, quindi potrei golf ulteriormente durante il fine settimana. Presuppone che l'input provenga da stdin, terminato con EOF (senza newline), il separatore è solo un carattere del valore ASCII 32 (ovvero, ' 'carattere).

#include<stdio.h>
char a[102],b[102],c[102],*p=a,d;int i,j=101,l,L,k,F=1;int main(){while(~(k=getchar())){if(47<k&&k<58){p[i++]=k;if(i==101)goto f;}else if(k==32&&F)p=b,l=i,F=0,i=0;else goto f;}L=i;for(i=(l<L?l:L)-1;i+1;i--){c[j]=(L<l?b[i]-48+a[i+l-L]:a[i]-48+b[i+L-l]);if(c[j--]>57)c[j]++,c[j+1]-=10;}for(i=(L<l?l-L-1:L-l-1);i+1;i--)c[j--]=(L<l?a[i]:b[i]);for(i=0;i<102;i++)if(c[i]&&(c[i]-48||d))d=putchar(c[i]);return 0;f:return puts("E");}

Il messaggio di errore sarà un singolo carattere "E", seguito da una nuova riga.

Con newline e un po 'di rientro aggiunto: (segue una versione leggibile, quindi sentiti libero di saltare qui)

#include<stdio.h>
char a[102],b[102],c[102],*p=a,d;
int i,j=101,l,L,k,F=1;
int main(){
    while(~(k=getchar())){
        if(47<k&&k<58){
            p[i++]=k;
            if(i==101)goto f;
        }else if(k==32&&F)p=b,l=i,F=0,i=0;
        else goto f;
    }
    L=i;
    for(i=(l<L?l:L)-1;i+1;i--){
        c[j]=(L<l?b[i]-48+a[i+l-L]:a[i]-48+b[i+L-l]);
        if(c[j--]>57)c[j]++,c[j+1]-=10;
    }
    for(i=(L<l?l-L-1:L-l-1);i+1;i--)c[j--]=(L<l?a[i]:b[i]);
    for(i=0;i<102;i++)if(c[i]&&(c[i]-48||d))d=putchar(c[i]);
    return 0;
    f:return puts("E");
}

La versione leggibile (alcune istruzioni sono leggermente modificate per renderla più leggibile, ma ciò che fanno dovrebbe essere lo stesso):

#include <stdio.h>
char num1[102],num2[102],sum[102]; //globals initialised to 0
char *p=num1;
int outputZero=0, noExtraSpace=1;
int i=0, j=101, len1, len2, ch;
#define min(x,y) (x<y?x:y)
int main(){
    while((ch=getchar())!=-1) { //assumes EOF is -1
        if('0'<=ch && ch<='9') {
            p[i]=ch;
            i++;
            if(i==101) goto fail; //if input too long
        } else if(ch==' ' && noExtraSpace) {
            p=num2;
            len1=i;
            noExtraSpace=0;
            i=0;
        } else goto fail; //invalid character
    }
    len2=i;
    for(i=min(len1, len2)-1; i>=0; i--) {
        //add each digit when both numbers have that digit
        sum[j]=(len2<len1?num2[i]-'0'+num1[i+len1-len2]:num1[i]-'0'+num2[i+len2-len1]);
        if(sum[j]>'9') { //deal with carries
            sum[j-1]++;
            sum[j]-=10;
        }
        j--;
    }
    for(i=(len2<len1?len1-len2-1:len2-len1-1); i>=0; i--) {
        //copy extra digits when one number is longer than the other
        sum[j]=(len2<len1?num1[i]:num2[i]);
        j--;
    }
    for(i=0; i<102; i++) {
        if(sum[i] && (sum[i]-'0' || outputZero)) {
            putchar(sum[i]);
            outputZero=1;
            //if a digit has been output, the remaining zeroes must not be leading
        }
    }
    return 0;
    fail:
    puts("Error");
    return 0;
}

_{La goto fail;cosa è qui per deridere Apple.}

La versione di gcc che ho usato è gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3e non ci sono avvisi.

633 byte

Programma "Bad boy" che soddisfa metà della sfida. Abusa di C, lancia molti avvertimenti, ma funziona ... in un certo senso. L'aritmetica di precisione arbitraria viene effettivamente eseguita da bc.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#define g() getc(stdin)
#define z(c) b[i++]=c,b[i]='\0'
x(){puts("E\n");exit(1);}main(){int c,y=0,i=0;char b[232]="",*h="echo ",*t=" | bc -q | tr -d '\\\\\\012'";strcat(b,h);i=strlen(h);if((c=g())=='0'){z(c);y=1;c=g();}else{if(c=='-'){z(c);c=g();}c!='0'||x();ungetc(c,stdin);for(y=0;isdigit(c=g());y++){z(c);y<99||x();}}y>0||x();c==' '||x();z('+');y=0;if((c=g())=='0'){z(c);y=1;c=g();}else{if(c=='-'){z(c);c=g();}c!='0'||x();do{if(!isdigit(c))break;z(c);y++;y<=99||x();}while(c=g());}y>0||x();strcat(b+i,t);i+=strlen(t);if(!((c==-1)||((c=='\n')&&((c=g())==-1))))x();system(b);}

Versione non modificata

/*
Read input from STDIN. The input must conform to VALIDINPUT:

    NONZERODIGIT = "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9"
    POSITIVENUMBER = NONZERODIGIT *98DIGIT
    NEGATIVENUMBER = "-" POSITIVENUMBER
    NUMBER = NEGATIVENUMBER / POSITIVENUMBER / "0"
    VALIDINPUT = NUMBER SP NUMBER *1LF EOF

Check syntax of input. If input is correct, use the shell command
"echo NUMBER+NUMBER | bc -q" to do the arbitrary precision integer arithmetic.

NB, this solution requires that the "normal" bc be 1st in the PATH.


    Fun C language features used:
    - ignore arguments to main()
    - preprocessor macros
    - pointer arithmetic
    - , operator
    - ?: operator
    - do-while loop
    - for loop test does input
    - implicit return/exit
    - short is still a type!
    - ungetc()
    - use int as bool and 0 & 1 as magic numbers
    - implicit type coersion

5/5/14, Stop fighting the syntax graph. Get rid of "positive" flag.
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define MAXDIGITS (99)
#define pushc(c) (buffer[index++]=c,buffer[index]='\0')
#define pushs(s) (strcat(buffer+index,s),index+=strlen(s))

int die() { printf("E\n"); exit(1); }

int main () {
    int c;
    /*
    buffer budget:
    5               "echo "
    1+MAXDIGITS (include "-")   NUMBER
    1               "+"
    1+MAXDIGITS (include "-")   NUMBER
    25              " | bc -q | tr -d '\\\012'"
    1               NUL
    */
    char    buffer[5+1+MAXDIGITS+1+1+MAXDIGITS+25+1] = "";
    short   index = 0;
    short   digits;

    pushs("echo ");
    // parse 1st number
    digits = 0;
    if ((c=getchar()) == '0') {
        pushc(c);
        digits = 1;
        c = getchar();
    } else {
        if (c == '-') {
            // "-" doesn't count against digits total
            pushc(c);
            c = getchar();
        }
        (c != '0') || die();
        ungetc(c,stdin);
        for (digits=0; isdigit(c=getchar()); digits++) {
            pushc(c);
            (digits<MAXDIGITS) || die();
        }
    }
    (digits>=1) || die();
    // parse separating blank
    (c == ' ') || die();
    pushc('+');
    // parse 2nd number
    digits = 0;
    if ((c=getchar()) == '0') {
        pushc(c);
        digits = 1;
        c = getchar();
    } else {
        if (c == '-') {
            // "-" doesn't count against digits total
            pushc(c);
            c = getchar();
        }
        (c != '0') || die();
        do {
            if (!isdigit(c)) {
                break;
            }
            pushc(c);
            digits++;
            (digits<=MAXDIGITS) || die();
        } while(c=getchar());
    }
    (digits>=1) || die();
    pushs(" | bc -q | tr -d '\\\\\\012'");
    // parse end of input
    if (! ((c == EOF) || ((c == '\n') && ((c=getchar()) == EOF))) ) {
        die();
    }
    // add two arbitrary precision numbers and print the result to STDOUT
    system(buffer);
}