Risolvere "Chi possiede la Zebra" a livello di codice?

Modifica: questo puzzle è anche conosciuto come "Einstein's Riddle"

The Who possiede la Zebra (puoi provare la versione online qui ) è un esempio di un classico set di puzzle e scommetto che la maggior parte delle persone su Stack Overflow può risolverlo con carta e penna. Ma come sarebbe una soluzione programmatica?

Sulla base degli indizi elencati di seguito ...

• Ci sono cinque case.
• Ogni casa ha il suo colore unico.
• Tutti i proprietari di case sono di nazionalità diverse.
• Tutti hanno diversi animali domestici.
• Bevono tutti bevande diverse.
• Fumano tutti sigarette diverse.
• L'uomo inglese vive nella casa rossa.
• Lo svedese ha un cane.
• The Dane beve il tè.
• La serra si trova sul lato sinistro della casa bianca.
• Bevono caffè nella serra.
• L'uomo che fuma Pall Mall ha degli uccelli.
• Nella casa gialla fumano Dunhill.
• Nella casa di mezzo bevono latte.
• Il norvegese vive nella prima casa.
• L'uomo che fuma Blend vive nella casa accanto alla casa con i gatti.
• Nella casa accanto alla casa dove hanno un cavallo, fumano Dunhill.
• L'uomo che fuma Blue Master beve birra.
• Il tedesco fuma Prince.
• Il norvegese vive vicino alla casa blu.
• Bevono acqua nella casa accanto alla casa dove fumano Miscela.

... chi possiede la zebra?

Ecco una soluzione in Python basata sulla programmazione dei vincoli:

from constraint import AllDifferentConstraint, InSetConstraint, Problem

# variables
colors        = "blue red green white yellow".split()
nationalities = "Norwegian German Dane Swede English".split()
pets          = "birds dog cats horse zebra".split()
drinks        = "tea coffee milk beer water".split()
cigarettes    = "Blend, Prince, Blue Master, Dunhill, Pall Mall".split(", ")

# There are five houses.
minn, maxn = 1, 5
problem = Problem()
# value of a variable is the number of a house with corresponding property
variables = colors + nationalities + pets + drinks + cigarettes
problem.addVariables(variables, range(minn, maxn+1))

# Each house has its own unique color.
# All house owners are of different nationalities.
# They all have different pets.
# They all drink different drinks.
# They all smoke different cigarettes.
for vars_ in (colors, nationalities, pets, drinks, cigarettes):
    problem.addConstraint(AllDifferentConstraint(), vars_)

# In the middle house they drink milk.
#NOTE: interpret "middle" in a numerical sense (not geometrical)
problem.addConstraint(InSetConstraint([(minn + maxn) // 2]), ["milk"])
# The Norwegian lives in the first house.
#NOTE: interpret "the first" as a house number
problem.addConstraint(InSetConstraint([minn]), ["Norwegian"])
# The green house is on the left side of the white house.
#XXX: what is "the left side"? (linear, circular, two sides, 2D house arrangment)
#NOTE: interpret it as 'green house number' + 1 == 'white house number'
problem.addConstraint(lambda a,b: a+1 == b, ["green", "white"])

def add_constraints(constraint, statements, variables=variables, problem=problem):
    for stmt in (line for line in statements if line.strip()):
        problem.addConstraint(constraint, [v for v in variables if v in stmt])

and_statements = """
They drink coffee in the green house.
The man who smokes Pall Mall has birds.
The English man lives in the red house.
The Dane drinks tea.
In the yellow house they smoke Dunhill.
The man who smokes Blue Master drinks beer.
The German smokes Prince.
The Swede has a dog.
""".split("\n")
add_constraints(lambda a,b: a == b, and_statements)

nextto_statements = """
The man who smokes Blend lives in the house next to the house with cats.
In the house next to the house where they have a horse, they smoke Dunhill.
The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
They drink water in the house next to the house where they smoke Blend.
""".split("\n")
#XXX: what is "next to"? (linear, circular, two sides, 2D house arrangment)
add_constraints(lambda a,b: abs(a - b) == 1, nextto_statements)

def solve(variables=variables, problem=problem):
    from itertools  import groupby
    from operator   import itemgetter

    # find & print solutions
    for solution in problem.getSolutionIter():
        for key, group in groupby(sorted(solution.iteritems(), key=itemgetter(1)), key=itemgetter(1)):
            print key, 
            for v in sorted(dict(group).keys(), key=variables.index):
                print v.ljust(9),
            print

if __name__ == '__main__':
    solve()

Produzione:

1 yellow    Norwegian cats      water     Dunhill  
2 blue      Dane      horse     tea       Blend    
3 red       English   birds     milk      Pall Mall
4 green     German    zebra     coffee    Prince   
5 white     Swede     dog       beer      Blue Master

Sono necessari 0,6 secondi (CPU 1,5 GHz) per trovare la soluzione.
La risposta è "Il tedesco possiede la zebra".

Per installare il constraintmodulo tramite pip: pip install python-restring

Per installare manualmente:

• Scarica:

  $ wget https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/python-constraint/python-constraint-1.2.tar.bz2#md5=d58de49c85992493db53fcb59b9a0a45

• estratto (Linux / Mac / BSD):

  $ bzip2 -cd python-limitint-1.2.tar.bz2 | tar xvf -

• estrarre (Windows, con 7zip ):

  > 7z e python-Vincolo-1.2.tar.bz2
  > 7z e Python-Vincolo-1.2.tar

• installare:

  $ cd python-limitint-1.2
  $ python setup.py install

In Prolog, possiamo creare un'istanza del dominio semplicemente selezionando elementi da esso :) (facendo scelte reciprocamente esclusive , per efficienza). Utilizzando SWI-Prolog,

select([A|As],S):- select(A,S,S1),select(As,S1).
select([],_). 

left_of(A,B,C):- append(_,[A,B|_],C).  
next_to(A,B,C):- left_of(A,B,C) ; left_of(B,A,C).

zebra(Owns, HS):-     % house: color,nation,pet,drink,smokes
  HS   = [ h(_,norwegian,_,_,_),    h(blue,_,_,_,_),   h(_,_,_,milk,_), _, _], 
  select([ h(red,brit,_,_,_),       h(_,swede,dog,_,_), 
           h(_,dane,_,tea,_),       h(_,german,_,_,prince)], HS),
  select([ h(_,_,birds,_,pallmall), h(yellow,_,_,_,dunhill),
           h(_,_,_,beer,bluemaster)],                        HS), 
  left_of( h(green,_,_,coffee,_),   h(white,_,_,_,_),        HS),
  next_to( h(_,_,_,_,dunhill),      h(_,_,horse,_,_),        HS),
  next_to( h(_,_,_,_,blend),        h(_,_,cats, _,_),        HS),
  next_to( h(_,_,_,_,blend),        h(_,_,_,water,_),        HS),
  member(  h(_,Owns,zebra,_,_),                              HS).

Funziona abbastanza all'istante:

?- time( (zebra(Who,HS), writeln(Who), nl, maplist(writeln,HS), nl, false 
          ; writeln('no more solutions!') )).
german

h( yellow, norwegian, cats,   water,  dunhill   )
h( blue,   dane,      horse,  tea,    blend     )
h( red,    brit,      birds,  milk,   pallmall  )
h( green,  german,    zebra,  coffee, prince    )     % formatted by hand
h( white,  swede,     dog,    beer,   bluemaster)

no more solutions!
% 1,706 inferences, 0.000 CPU in 0.070 seconds (0% CPU, Infinite Lips)
true.

Un poster ha già detto che Prolog è una potenziale soluzione. Questo è vero ed è la soluzione che vorrei usare. In termini più generali, questo è un problema perfetto per un sistema di inferenza automatizzato. Prolog è un linguaggio di programmazione logica (e interprete associato) che forma tale sistema. In sostanza, consente la conclusione di fatti tratti da dichiarazioni rese utilizzando la logica del primo ordine . FOL è fondamentalmente una forma più avanzata di logica proposizionale. Se decidi di non voler usare Prolog, potresti usare un sistema simile di tua creazione usando una tecnica come il modus ponens per eseguire le conclusioni.

Dovrai, ovviamente, aggiungere alcune regole sulle zebre, dal momento che non è menzionato da nessuna parte ... Credo che l'intento è che puoi capire gli altri 4 animali domestici e quindi dedurre che l'ultimo è la zebra? Ti consigliamo di aggiungere regole che affermano che una zebra è uno degli animali domestici e ogni casa può avere solo un animale domestico. Trasportare questo tipo di conoscenza del "buon senso" in un sistema di inferenza è il principale ostacolo all'utilizzo della tecnica come una vera IA. Ci sono alcuni progetti di ricerca, come Cyc, che stanno tentando di fornire tali conoscenze comuni attraverso la forza bruta. Hanno incontrato un successo interessante.

Compatibile con SWI-Prolog:

% NOTE - This may or may not be more efficent. A bit verbose, though.
left_side(L, R, [L, R, _, _, _]).
left_side(L, R, [_, L, R, _, _]).
left_side(L, R, [_, _, L, R, _]).
left_side(L, R, [_, _, _, L, R]).

next_to(X, Y, Street) :- left_side(X, Y, Street).
next_to(X, Y, Street) :- left_side(Y, X, Street).

m(X, Y) :- member(X, Y).

get_zebra(Street, Who) :- 
    Street = [[C1, N1, P1, D1, S1],
              [C2, N2, P2, D2, S2],
              [C3, N3, P3, D3, S3],
              [C4, N4, P4, D4, S4],
              [C5, N5, P5, D5, S5]],
    m([red, english, _, _, _], Street),
    m([_, swede, dog, _, _], Street),
    m([_, dane, _, tea, _], Street),
    left_side([green, _, _, _, _], [white, _, _, _, _], Street),
    m([green, _, _, coffee, _], Street),
    m([_, _, birds, _, pallmall], Street),
    m([yellow, _, _, _, dunhill], Street),
    D3 = milk,
    N1 = norwegian,
    next_to([_, _, _, _, blend], [_, _, cats, _, _], Street),
    next_to([_, _, horse, _, _], [_, _, _, _, dunhill], Street),
    m([_, _, _, beer, bluemaster], Street),
    m([_, german, _, _, prince], Street),
    next_to([_, norwegian, _, _, _], [blue, _, _, _, _], Street),
    next_to([_, _, _, water, _], [_, _, _, _, blend], Street),
    m([_, Who, zebra, _, _], Street).

All'interprete:

?- get_zebra(Street, Who).
Street = ...
Who = german

Ecco come lo farei. Innanzitutto genererei tutte le n-tuple ordinate

(housenumber, color, nationality, pet, drink, smoke)

5 ^ 6 di questi, 15625, facilmente gestibili. Quindi filtrerei le semplici condizioni booleane. ce ne sono dieci e ognuno di quelli che ti aspetteresti di filtrare 8/25 delle condizioni (1/25 delle condizioni contiene uno svedese con un cane, 16/25 contiene un non svedese con un non cane) . Naturalmente non sono indipendenti, ma dopo aver filtrato quelli là fuori non dovrebbero essere rimasti molti.

Dopo di ciò, hai un bel problema con il grafico. Crea un grafico con ciascun nodo che rappresenta una delle n-tuple rimanenti. Aggiungi bordi al grafico se le due estremità contengono duplicati in una posizione n-tupla o violano eventuali vincoli "posizionali" (ce ne sono cinque). Da lì sei quasi a casa, cerca nel grafico un set indipendente di cinque nodi (senza nessuno dei nodi collegati da bordi). Se non ce ne sono troppi, potresti semplicemente generare in modo esaustivo tutte le 5 tuple di n-tuple e semplicemente filtrarle di nuovo.

Questo potrebbe essere un buon candidato per il golf del codice. Qualcuno può probabilmente risolverlo in una riga con qualcosa come haskell :)

ripensamento: il passaggio iniziale del filtro può anche eliminare le informazioni dai vincoli posizionali. Non molto (1/25), ma comunque significativo.

Un'altra soluzione Python, questa volta utilizzando PyKE (Python Knowledge Engine) di Python. Certo, è più dettagliato che usare il modulo "vincolo" di Python nella soluzione di @JFSebastian, ma fornisce un confronto interessante per chiunque cerchi un motore di conoscenza grezzo per questo tipo di problema.

clues.kfb

categories( POSITION, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 )                                   # There are five houses.
categories( HOUSE_COLOR, blue, red, green, white, yellow )              # Each house has its own unique color.
categories( NATIONALITY, Norwegian, German, Dane, Swede, English )      # All house owners are of different nationalities.
categories( PET, birds, dog, cats, horse, zebra )                       # They all have different pets.
categories( DRINK, tea, coffee, milk, beer, water )                     # They all drink different drinks.
categories( SMOKE, Blend, Prince, 'Blue Master', Dunhill, 'Pall Mall' ) # They all smoke different cigarettes.

related( NATIONALITY, English, HOUSE_COLOR, red )    # The English man lives in the red house.
related( NATIONALITY, Swede, PET, dog )              # The Swede has a dog.
related( NATIONALITY, Dane, DRINK, tea )             # The Dane drinks tea.
left_of( HOUSE_COLOR, green, HOUSE_COLOR, white )    # The green house is on the left side of the white house.
related( DRINK, coffee, HOUSE_COLOR, green )         # They drink coffee in the green house.
related( SMOKE, 'Pall Mall', PET, birds )            # The man who smokes Pall Mall has birds.
related( SMOKE, Dunhill, HOUSE_COLOR, yellow )       # In the yellow house they smoke Dunhill.
related( POSITION, 3, DRINK, milk )                  # In the middle house they drink milk.
related( NATIONALITY, Norwegian, POSITION, 1 )       # The Norwegian lives in the first house.
next_to( SMOKE, Blend, PET, cats )                   # The man who smokes Blend lives in the house next to the house with cats.
next_to( SMOKE, Dunhill, PET, horse )                # In the house next to the house where they have a horse, they smoke Dunhill.
related( SMOKE, 'Blue Master', DRINK, beer )         # The man who smokes Blue Master drinks beer.
related( NATIONALITY, German, SMOKE, Prince )        # The German smokes Prince.
next_to( NATIONALITY, Norwegian, HOUSE_COLOR, blue ) # The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
next_to( DRINK, water, SMOKE, Blend )                # They drink water in the house next to the house where they smoke Blend.

relations.krb

#############
# Categories

# Foreach set of categories, assert each type
categories
    foreach
        clues.categories($category, $thing1, $thing2, $thing3, $thing4, $thing5)
    assert
        clues.is_category($category, $thing1)
        clues.is_category($category, $thing2)
        clues.is_category($category, $thing3)
        clues.is_category($category, $thing4)
        clues.is_category($category, $thing5)


#########################
# Inverse Relationships

# Foreach A=1, assert 1=A
inverse_relationship_positive
    foreach
        clues.related($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
    assert
        clues.related($category2, $thing2, $category1, $thing1)

# Foreach A!1, assert 1!A
inverse_relationship_negative
    foreach
        clues.not_related($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
    assert
        clues.not_related($category2, $thing2, $category1, $thing1)

# Foreach "A beside B", assert "B beside A"
inverse_relationship_beside
    foreach
        clues.next_to($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
    assert
        clues.next_to($category2, $thing2, $category1, $thing1)


###########################
# Transitive Relationships

# Foreach A=1 and 1=a, assert A=a
transitive_positive
    foreach
        clues.related($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
        clues.related($category2, $thing2, $category3, $thing3)

        check unique($thing1, $thing2, $thing3) \
          and unique($category1, $category2, $category3)
    assert
        clues.related($category1, $thing1, $category3, $thing3)

# Foreach A=1 and 1!a, assert A!a
transitive_negative
    foreach
        clues.related($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
        clues.not_related($category2, $thing2, $category3, $thing3)

        check unique($thing1, $thing2, $thing3) \
          and unique($category1, $category2, $category3)
    assert
        clues.not_related($category1, $thing1, $category3, $thing3)


##########################
# Exclusive Relationships

# Foreach A=1, assert A!2 and A!3 and A!4 and A!5
if_one_related_then_others_unrelated
    foreach
        clues.related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thing_other)
        check unique($category, $category_other)

        clues.is_category($category_other, $thing_not_other)
        check unique($thing, $thing_other, $thing_not_other)
    assert
        clues.not_related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thing_not_other)

# Foreach A!1 and A!2 and A!3 and A!4, assert A=5
if_four_unrelated_then_other_is_related
    foreach
        clues.not_related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thingA)
        clues.not_related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thingB)
        check unique($thingA, $thingB)

        clues.not_related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thingC)
        check unique($thingA, $thingB, $thingC)

        clues.not_related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thingD)
        check unique($thingA, $thingB, $thingC, $thingD)

        # Find the fifth variation of category_other.
        clues.is_category($category_other, $thingE)
        check unique($thingA, $thingB, $thingC, $thingD, $thingE)
    assert
        clues.related($category, $thing, $category_other, $thingE)


###################
# Neighbors: Basic

# Foreach "A left of 1", assert "A beside 1"
expanded_relationship_beside_left
    foreach
        clues.left_of($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
    assert
        clues.next_to($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)

# Foreach "A beside 1", assert A!1
unrelated_to_beside
    foreach
        clues.next_to($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)
        check unique($category1, $category2)
    assert
        clues.not_related($category1, $thing1, $category2, $thing2)


###################################
# Neighbors: Spatial Relationships

# Foreach "A beside B" and "A=(at-edge)", assert "B=(near-edge)"
check_next_to_either_edge
    foreach
        clues.related(POSITION, $position_known, $category, $thing)
        check is_edge($position_known)

        clues.next_to($category, $thing, $category_other, $thing_other)

        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position_other)
        check is_beside($position_known, $position_other)
    assert
        clues.related(POSITION, $position_other, $category_other, $thing_other)

# Foreach "A beside B" and "A!(near-edge)" and "B!(near-edge)", assert "A!(at-edge)"
check_too_close_to_edge
    foreach
        clues.next_to($category, $thing, $category_other, $thing_other)

        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position_edge)
        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position_near_edge)
        check is_edge($position_edge) and is_beside($position_edge, $position_near_edge)

        clues.not_related(POSITION, $position_near_edge, $category, $thing)
        clues.not_related(POSITION, $position_near_edge, $category_other, $thing_other)
    assert
        clues.not_related(POSITION, $position_edge, $category, $thing)

# Foreach "A beside B" and "A!(one-side)", assert "A=(other-side)"
check_next_to_with_other_side_impossible
    foreach
        clues.next_to($category, $thing, $category_other, $thing_other)

        clues.related(POSITION, $position_known, $category_other, $thing_other)
        check not is_edge($position_known)

        clues.not_related($category, $thing, POSITION, $position_one_side)
        check is_beside($position_known, $position_one_side)

        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position_other_side)
        check is_beside($position_known, $position_other_side) \
          and unique($position_known, $position_one_side, $position_other_side)
    assert
        clues.related($category, $thing, POSITION, $position_other_side)

# Foreach "A left of B"...
#   ... and "C=(position1)" and "D=(position2)" and "E=(position3)"
# ~> assert "A=(other-position)" and "B=(other-position)+1"
left_of_and_only_two_slots_remaining
    foreach
        clues.left_of($category_left, $thing_left, $category_right, $thing_right)

        clues.related($category_left, $thing_left_other1, POSITION, $position1)
        clues.related($category_left, $thing_left_other2, POSITION, $position2)
        clues.related($category_left, $thing_left_other3, POSITION, $position3)
        check unique($thing_left, $thing_left_other1, $thing_left_other2, $thing_left_other3)

        clues.related($category_right, $thing_right_other1, POSITION, $position1)
        clues.related($category_right, $thing_right_other2, POSITION, $position2)
        clues.related($category_right, $thing_right_other3, POSITION, $position3)
        check unique($thing_right, $thing_right_other1, $thing_right_other2, $thing_right_other3)

        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position4)
        clues.is_category(POSITION, $position5)

        check is_left_right($position4, $position5) \
          and unique($position1, $position2, $position3, $position4, $position5)
    assert
        clues.related(POSITION, $position4, $category_left, $thing_left)
        clues.related(POSITION, $position5, $category_right, $thing_right)


#########################

fc_extras

    def unique(*args):
        return len(args) == len(set(args))

    def is_edge(pos):
        return (pos == 1) or (pos == 5)

    def is_beside(pos1, pos2):
        diff = (pos1 - pos2)
        return (diff == 1) or (diff == -1)

    def is_left_right(pos_left, pos_right):
        return (pos_right - pos_left == 1)

driver.py (in realtà più grande, ma questa è l'essenza)

from pyke import knowledge_engine

engine = knowledge_engine.engine(__file__)
engine.activate('relations')

try:
    natl = engine.prove_1_goal('clues.related(PET, zebra, NATIONALITY, $nationality)')[0].get('nationality')
except Exception, e:
    natl = "Unknown"
print "== Who owns the zebra? %s ==" % natl

Uscita campione:

$ python driver.py

== Who owns the zebra? German ==

#   Color    Nationality    Pet    Drink       Smoke    
=======================================================
1   yellow   Norwegian     cats    water    Dunhill     
2   blue     Dane          horse   tea      Blend       
3   red      English       birds   milk     Pall Mall   
4   green    German        zebra   coffee   Prince      
5   white    Swede         dog     beer     Blue Master 

Calculated in 1.19 seconds.

Fonte: https://github.com/DreadPirateShawn/pyke-who-owns-zebra

Ecco un estratto della soluzione completa che utilizza NSolver , pubblicato su Einstein's Riddle in C # :

// The green house's owner drinks coffee
Post(greenHouse.Eq(coffee));
// The person who smokes Pall Mall rears birds 
Post(pallMall.Eq(birds));
// The owner of the yellow house smokes Dunhill 
Post(yellowHouse.Eq(dunhill));

Ecco una soluzione semplice in CLP (FD) (vedi anche clpfd):

:- use_module(library(clpfd)).

solve(ZebraOwner) :-
    maplist( init_dom(1..5), 
        [[British,  Swedish,  Danish,  Norwegian, German],     % Nationalities
         [Red,      Green,    Blue,    White,     Yellow],     % Houses
         [Tea,      Coffee,   Milk,    Beer,      Water],      % Beverages
         [PallMall, Blend,    Prince,  Dunhill,   BlueMaster], % Cigarettes
         [Dog,      Birds,    Cats,    Horse,     Zebra]]),    % Pets
    British #= Red,        % Hint 1
    Swedish #= Dog,        % Hint 2
    Danish #= Tea,         % Hint 3
    Green #= White - 1 ,   % Hint 4
    Green #= Coffee,       % Hint 5
    PallMall #= Birds,     % Hint 6
    Yellow #= Dunhill,     % Hint 7
    Milk #= 3,             % Hint 8
    Norwegian #= 1,        % Hint 9
    neighbor(Blend, Cats),     % Hint 10
    neighbor(Horse, Dunhill),  % Hint 11
    BlueMaster #= Beer,        % Hint 12
    German #= Prince,          % Hint 13
    neighbor(Norwegian, Blue), % Hint 14
    neighbor(Blend, Water),    % Hint 15
    memberchk(Zebra-ZebraOwner, [British-british, Swedish-swedish, Danish-danish,
                                 Norwegian-norwegian, German-german]).

init_dom(R, L) :-
    all_distinct(L),
    L ins R.

neighbor(X, Y) :-
    (X #= (Y - 1)) #\/ (X #= (Y + 1)).

Eseguendolo, produce:

3? - tempo (risolvere (Z)).
Inferenze% 111.798, 0,016 CPU in 0,020 secondi (78% CPU, 7166493 Lips)
Z = tedesco.

In PAIP (capitolo 11), Norvig risolve il puzzle zebra usando un Prolog incorporato in Lisp .

Soluzione ES6 (Javascript)

Con un sacco di generatori ES6 e un po 'di lodash . Avrai bisogno di Babel per eseguire questo.

var _ = require('lodash');

function canBe(house, criteria) {
    for (const key of Object.keys(criteria))
        if (house[key] && house[key] !== criteria[key])
            return false;
    return true;
}

function* thereShouldBe(criteria, street) {
    for (const i of _.range(street.length))
        yield* thereShouldBeAtIndex(criteria, i, street);
}

function* thereShouldBeAtIndex(criteria, index, street) {
    if (canBe(street[index], criteria)) {
        const newStreet = _.cloneDeep(street);
        newStreet[index] = _.assign({}, street[index], criteria);
        yield newStreet;
    }
}

function* leftOf(critA, critB, street) {
    for (const i of _.range(street.length - 1)) {
        if (canBe(street[i], critA) && canBe(street[i+1], critB)) {
            const newStreet = _.cloneDeep(street);
            newStreet[i  ] = _.assign({}, street[i  ], critA);
            newStreet[i+1] = _.assign({}, street[i+1], critB);
            yield newStreet;
        }
    }
}
function* nextTo(critA, critB, street) {
    yield* leftOf(critA, critB, street);
    yield* leftOf(critB, critA, street);
}

const street = [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]; // five houses

// Btw: it turns out we don't need uniqueness constraint.

const constraints = [
    s => thereShouldBe({nation: 'English', color: 'red'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({nation: 'Swede', animal: 'dog'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({nation: 'Dane', drink: 'tea'}, s),
    s => leftOf({color: 'green'}, {color: 'white'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({drink: 'coffee', color: 'green'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({cigarettes: 'PallMall', animal: 'birds'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({color: 'yellow', cigarettes: 'Dunhill'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBeAtIndex({drink: 'milk'}, 2, s),
    s => thereShouldBeAtIndex({nation: 'Norwegian'}, 0, s),
    s => nextTo({cigarettes: 'Blend'}, {animal: 'cats'}, s),
    s => nextTo({animal: 'horse'}, {cigarettes: 'Dunhill'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({cigarettes: 'BlueMaster', drink: 'beer'}, s),
    s => thereShouldBe({nation: 'German', cigarettes: 'Prince'}, s),
    s => nextTo({nation: 'Norwegian'}, {color: 'blue'}, s),
    s => nextTo({drink: 'water'}, {cigarettes: 'Blend'}, s),

    s => thereShouldBe({animal: 'zebra'}, s), // should be somewhere
];

function* findSolution(remainingConstraints, street) {
    if (remainingConstraints.length === 0)
        yield street;
    else
        for (const newStreet of _.head(remainingConstraints)(street))
            yield* findSolution(_.tail(remainingConstraints), newStreet);
}

for (const streetSolution of findSolution(constraints, street)) {
    console.log(streetSolution);
}

Risultato:

[ { color: 'yellow',
    cigarettes: 'Dunhill',
    nation: 'Norwegian',
    animal: 'cats',
    drink: 'water' },
  { nation: 'Dane',
    drink: 'tea',
    cigarettes: 'Blend',
    animal: 'horse',
    color: 'blue' },
  { nation: 'English',
    color: 'red',
    cigarettes: 'PallMall',
    animal: 'birds',
    drink: 'milk' },
  { color: 'green',
    drink: 'coffee',
    nation: 'German',
    cigarettes: 'Prince',
    animal: 'zebra' },
  { nation: 'Swede',
    animal: 'dog',
    color: 'white',
    cigarettes: 'BlueMaster',
    drink: 'beer' } ]

Il tempo di esecuzione è di circa 2,5 secondi per me, ma questo può essere migliorato cambiando l'ordine delle regole. Ho deciso di mantenere l'ordine originale per chiarezza.

Grazie, questa è stata una bella sfida!

Questo è davvero un problema di risoluzione dei vincoli. Puoi farlo con un tipo generalizzato di propagazione dei vincoli nella programmazione logica come i linguaggi. Abbiamo una demo specifica per il problema Zebra nel sistema ALE (attributo motore logico):

http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gpenn/ale.html

Ecco il link alla codifica di un puzzle Zebra semplificato:

http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gpenn/ale/files/grammars/baby.pl

Fare questo in modo efficiente è un'altra questione.

Il modo più semplice per risolvere tali problemi a livello di codice è utilizzare loop annidati su tutte le permutazioni e verificare se il risultato soddisfa i predicati nella domanda. Molti dei predicati possono essere sollevati dal circuito interno ai circuiti esterni per ridurre drasticamente la complessità computazionale fino a quando la risposta può essere calcolata in un tempo ragionevole.

Ecco una semplice soluzione F # derivata da un articolo nel Diario F # :

let rec distribute y xs =
  match xs with
  | [] -> [[y]]
  | x::xs -> (y::x::xs)::[for xs in distribute y xs -> x::xs]

let rec permute xs =
  match xs with
  | [] | [_] as xs -> [xs]
  | x::xs -> List.collect (distribute x) (permute xs)

let find xs x = List.findIndex ((=) x) xs + 1

let eq xs x ys y = find xs x = find ys y

let nextTo xs x ys y = abs(find xs x - find ys y) = 1

let nations = ["British"; "Swedish"; "Danish"; "Norwegian"; "German"]

let houses = ["Red"; "Green"; "Blue"; "White"; "Yellow"]

let drinks = ["Milk"; "Coffee"; "Water"; "Beer"; "Tea"]

let smokes = ["Blend"; "Prince"; "Blue Master"; "Dunhill"; "Pall Mall"]

let pets = ["Dog"; "Cat"; "Zebra"; "Horse"; "Bird"]

[ for nations in permute nations do
    if find nations "Norwegian" = 1 then
      for houses in permute houses do
        if eq nations "British" houses "Red" &&
           find houses "Green" = find houses "White"-1 &&
           nextTo nations "Norwegian" houses "Blue" then
          for drinks in permute drinks do
            if eq nations "Danish" drinks "Tea" &&
               eq houses "Green" drinks "Coffee" &&
               3 = find drinks "Milk" then
              for smokes in permute smokes do
                if eq houses "Yellow" smokes "Dunhill" &&
                   eq smokes "Blue Master" drinks "Beer" &&
                   eq nations "German" smokes "Prince" &&
                   nextTo smokes "Blend" drinks "Water" then
                  for pets in permute pets do
                    if eq nations "Swedish" pets "Dog" &&
                       eq smokes "Pall Mall" pets "Bird" &&
                       nextTo pets "Cat" smokes "Blend" &&
                       nextTo pets "Horse" smokes "Dunhill" then
                      yield nations, houses, drinks, smokes, pets ]

L'output ottenuto in 9ms è:

val it :
  (string list * string list * string list * string list * string list) list =
  [(["Norwegian"; "Danish"; "British"; "German"; "Swedish"],
    ["Yellow"; "Blue"; "Red"; "Green"; "White"],
    ["Water"; "Tea"; "Milk"; "Coffee"; "Beer"],
    ["Dunhill"; "Blend"; "Pall Mall"; "Prince"; "Blue Master"],
    ["Cat"; "Horse"; "Bird"; "Zebra"; "Dog"])]

L'esempio di Microsoft Solver Foundation da: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff525831%28v=vs.93%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396

delegate CspTerm NamedTerm(string name);

public static void Zebra() {
  ConstraintSystem S = ConstraintSystem.CreateSolver();
  var termList = new List<KeyValuePair<CspTerm, string>>();

  NamedTerm House = delegate(string name) {
    CspTerm x = S.CreateVariable(S.CreateIntegerInterval(1, 5), name);
    termList.Add(new KeyValuePair<CspTerm, string>(x, name));
    return x;
  };

  CspTerm English = House("English"), Spanish = House("Spanish"),
    Japanese = House("Japanese"), Italian = House("Italian"),
    Norwegian = House("Norwegian");
  CspTerm red = House("red"), green = House("green"),
    white = House("white"),
    blue = House("blue"), yellow = House("yellow");
  CspTerm dog = House("dog"), snails = House("snails"),
    fox = House("fox"),
    horse = House("horse"), zebra = House("zebra");
  CspTerm painter = House("painter"), sculptor = House("sculptor"),
    diplomat = House("diplomat"), violinist = House("violinist"),
    doctor = House("doctor");
  CspTerm tea = House("tea"), coffee = House("coffee"),
    milk = House("milk"),
    juice = House("juice"), water = House("water");

  S.AddConstraints(
    S.Unequal(English, Spanish, Japanese, Italian, Norwegian),
    S.Unequal(red, green, white, blue, yellow),
    S.Unequal(dog, snails, fox, horse, zebra),
    S.Unequal(painter, sculptor, diplomat, violinist, doctor),
    S.Unequal(tea, coffee, milk, juice, water),
    S.Equal(English, red),
    S.Equal(Spanish, dog),
    S.Equal(Japanese, painter),
    S.Equal(Italian, tea),
    S.Equal(1, Norwegian),
    S.Equal(green, coffee),
    S.Equal(1, green - white),
    S.Equal(sculptor, snails),
    S.Equal(diplomat, yellow),
    S.Equal(3, milk),
    S.Equal(1, S.Abs(Norwegian - blue)),
    S.Equal(violinist, juice),
    S.Equal(1, S.Abs(fox - doctor)),
    S.Equal(1, S.Abs(horse - diplomat))
  );
  bool unsolved = true;
  ConstraintSolverSolution soln = S.Solve();

  while (soln.HasFoundSolution) {
    unsolved = false;
    System.Console.WriteLine("solved.");
    StringBuilder[] houses = new StringBuilder[5];
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
      houses[i] = new StringBuilder(i.ToString());
    foreach (KeyValuePair<CspTerm, string> kvp in termList) {
      string item = kvp.Value;
      object house;
      if (!soln.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out house))
        throw new InvalidProgramException(
                    "can't find a Term in the solution: " + item);
      houses[(int)house - 1].Append(", ");
      houses[(int)house - 1].Append(item);
    }
    foreach (StringBuilder house in houses) {
      System.Console.WriteLine(house);
    }
    soln.GetNext();
  }
  if (unsolved)
    System.Console.WriteLine("No solution found.");
  else
    System.Console.WriteLine(
"Expected: the Norwegian drinking water and the Japanese with the zebra.");
}

Questa è una soluzione MiniZinc al puzzle zebra come definito in Wikipedia:

include "globals.mzn";

% Zebra puzzle
int: nc = 5;

% Colors
int: red = 1;
int: green = 2;
int: ivory = 3;
int: yellow = 4;
int: blue = 5;
array[1..nc] of var 1..nc:color;
constraint alldifferent([color[i] | i in 1..nc]);

% Nationalities
int: eng = 1;
int: spa = 2;
int: ukr = 3;
int: nor = 4;
int: jap = 5;
array[1..nc] of var 1..nc:nationality;
constraint alldifferent([nationality[i] | i in 1..nc]);

% Pets
int: dog = 1;
int: snail = 2;
int: fox = 3;
int: horse = 4;
int: zebra = 5;
array[1..nc] of var 1..nc:pet;
constraint alldifferent([pet[i] | i in 1..nc]);

% Drinks
int: coffee = 1;
int: tea = 2;
int: milk = 3;
int: orange = 4;
int: water = 5;
array[1..nc] of var 1..nc:drink;
constraint alldifferent([drink[i] | i in 1..nc]);

% Smokes
int: oldgold = 1;
int: kools = 2;
int: chesterfields = 3;
int: luckystrike = 4;
int: parliaments = 5;
array[1..nc] of var 1..nc:smoke;
constraint alldifferent([smoke[i] | i in 1..nc]);

% The Englishman lives in the red house.
constraint forall ([nationality[i] == eng <-> color[i] == red | i in 1..nc]);

% The Spaniard owns the dog.
constraint forall ([nationality[i] == spa <-> pet[i] == dog | i in 1..nc]);

% Coffee is drunk in the green house.
constraint forall ([color[i] == green <-> drink[i] == coffee | i in 1..nc]);

% The Ukrainian drinks tea.
constraint forall ([nationality[i] == ukr <-> drink[i] == tea | i in 1..nc]);

% The green house is immediately to the right of the ivory house.
constraint forall ([color[i] == ivory -> if i<nc then color[i+1] == green else false endif | i in 1..nc]);

% The Old Gold smoker owns snails.
constraint forall ([smoke[i] == oldgold <-> pet[i] == snail | i in 1..nc]);

% Kools are smoked in the yellow house.
constraint forall ([smoke[i] == kools <-> color[i] == yellow | i in 1..nc]);

% Milk is drunk in the middle house.
constraint drink[3] == milk;

% The Norwegian lives in the first house.
constraint nationality[1] == nor;

% The man who smokes Chesterfields lives in the house next to the man with the fox.
constraint forall ([smoke[i] == chesterfields -> (if i>1 then pet[i-1] == fox else false endif \/ if i<nc then pet[i+1] == fox else false endif) | i in 1..nc]);

% Kools are smoked in the house next to the house where the horse is kept.
constraint forall ([smoke[i] == kools -> (if i>1 then pet[i-1] == horse else false endif \/ if i<nc then pet[i+1] == horse else false endif)| i in 1..nc]);

%The Lucky Strike smoker drinks orange juice.
constraint forall ([smoke[i] == luckystrike <-> drink[i] == orange | i in 1..nc]);

% The Japanese smokes Parliaments.
constraint forall ([nationality[i] == jap <-> smoke[i] == parliaments | i in 1..nc]);

% The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
constraint forall ([color[i] == blue -> (if i > 1 then nationality[i-1] == nor else false endif \/ if i<nc then nationality[i+1] == nor else false endif) | i in 1..nc]);

solve satisfy;

Soluzione:

Compiling zebra.mzn
Running zebra.mzn
color = array1d(1..5 ,[4, 5, 1, 3, 2]);
nationality = array1d(1..5 ,[4, 3, 1, 2, 5]);
pet = array1d(1..5 ,[3, 4, 2, 1, 5]);
drink = array1d(1..5 ,[5, 2, 3, 4, 1]);
smoke = array1d(1..5 ,[2, 3, 1, 4, 5]);
----------
Finished in 47msec