Decodifica i dati Base64 in Java

Ho un'immagine codificata Base64. Qual è il modo migliore per decodificarlo in Java? Speriamo di usare solo le librerie incluse in Sun Java 6.

A partire dalla v6, Java SE viene fornito con JAXB. javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverterha metodi statici che lo rendono facile. Vedi parseBase64Binary()e printBase64Binary().

A partire da Java 8 , esiste un'API ufficialmente supportata per la codifica e decodifica Base64. Con il tempo questa diventerà probabilmente la scelta predefinita.

L'API include la classe java.util.Base64 e le sue classi nidificate. Supporta tre diversi gusti: base, URL sicuro e MIME.

Codice di esempio che utilizza la codifica "base":

import java.util.Base64;

byte[] bytes = "Hello, World!".getBytes("UTF-8");
String encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);
byte[] decoded = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);

La documentazione perjava.util.Base64 include molti altri metodi per la configurazione di codificatori e decodificatori e per l'utilizzo di classi diverse come input e output (array di byte, stringhe, byteBuffer, flussi java.io).

Non è necessario utilizzare i beni comuni: Sun fornisce un codificatore base64 con Java. Puoi importarlo come tale:

import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;

E poi usalo in questo modo:

BASE64Decoder decoder = new BASE64Decoder();
byte[] decodedBytes = decoder.decodeBuffer(encodedBytes);

Dov'è encodedByteso a java.lang.Stringo java.io.InputStream. Fai attenzione che le sun.*classi non sono "ufficialmente supportate" da Sun.

EDIT: Chi sapeva che questa sarebbe stata la risposta più controversa che avrei mai postato? Conosco quel sole. * I pacchetti non sono supportati o garantiti per continuare a esistere, e conosco Commons e lo uso sempre. Tuttavia, il poster ha chiesto una classe che fosse "inclusa in Sun Java 6", ed è quello a cui stavo cercando di rispondere. Sono d'accordo che Commons è il modo migliore per andare in generale.

EDIT 2: Come indica amir75 di seguito, Java 6+ viene fornito con JAXB, che contiene il codice supportato per codificare / decodificare Base64. Di seguito, vedi la risposta di Jeremy Ross .

Nello specifico in Commons Codec : class Base64to decode(byte[] array)orencode(byte[] array)

Guava ora ha la decodifica Base64 integrata.

Usa BaseEncoding.base64 (). Decode ()

Per quanto riguarda la gestione di possibili spazi bianchi nell'uso dell'input

BaseEncoding.base64().decode(CharMatcher.WHITESPACE.removeFrom(...));

Vedi questa discussione per maggiori informazioni

La mia soluzione è più semplice e veloce.

public class MyBase64 {

    private final static char[] ALPHABET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".toCharArray();

    private static int[]  toInt   = new int[128];

    static {
        for(int i=0; i< ALPHABET.length; i++){
            toInt[ALPHABET[i]]= i;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Translates the specified byte array into Base64 string.
     *
     * @param buf the byte array (not null)
     * @return the translated Base64 string (not null)
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] buf){
        int size = buf.length;
        char[] ar = new char[((size + 2) / 3) * 4];
        int a = 0;
        int i=0;
        while(i < size){
            byte b0 = buf[i++];
            byte b1 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;
            byte b2 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;

            int mask = 0x3F;
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[(b0 >> 2) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b0 << 4) | ((b1 & 0xFF) >> 4)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b1 << 2) | ((b2 & 0xFF) >> 6)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[b2 & mask];
        }
        switch(size % 3){
            case 1: ar[--a]  = '=';
            case 2: ar[--a]  = '=';
        }
        return new String(ar);
    }

    /**
     * Translates the specified Base64 string into a byte array.
     *
     * @param s the Base64 string (not null)
     * @return the byte array (not null)
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String s){
        int delta = s.endsWith( "==" ) ? 2 : s.endsWith( "=" ) ? 1 : 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[s.length()*3/4 - delta];
        int mask = 0xFF;
        int index = 0;
        for(int i=0; i< s.length(); i+=4){
            int c0 = toInt[s.charAt( i )];
            int c1 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 1)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c0 << 2) | (c1 >> 4)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length){
                return buffer;
            }
            int c2 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 2)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c1 << 4) | (c2 >> 2)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length){
                return buffer;
            }
            int c3 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 3 )];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c2 << 6) | c3) & mask);
        }
        return buffer;
    } 

}

Ecco la mia implementazione, se potrebbe essere utile a qualcuno:

public class Base64Coder {

    // The line separator string of the operating system.
    private static final String systemLineSeparator = System.getProperty("line.separator");

    // Mapping table from 6-bit nibbles to Base64 characters.
    private static final char[] map1 = new char[64];
       static {
          int i=0;
          for (char c='A'; c<='Z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='a'; c<='z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='0'; c<='9'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          map1[i++] = '+'; map1[i++] = '/'; }

    // Mapping table from Base64 characters to 6-bit nibbles.
    private static final byte[] map2 = new byte[128];
       static {
          for (int i=0; i<map2.length; i++) map2[i] = -1;
          for (int i=0; i<64; i++) map2[map1[i]] = (byte)i; }

    /**
    * Encodes a string into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted.
    * @param s  A String to be encoded.
    * @return   A String containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String encodeString (String s) {
       return new String(encode(s.getBytes())); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines of 76 characters.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Encoder.encodeBuffer(byte[])</code>.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in) {
       return encodeLines(in, 0, in.length, 76, systemLineSeparator); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines.
    * @param in            An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff          Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen          Number of bytes to be processed in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @param lineLen       Line length for the output data. Should be a multiple of 4.
    * @param lineSeparator The line separator to be used to separate the output lines.
    * @return              A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen, int lineLen, String lineSeparator) {
       int blockLen = (lineLen*3) / 4;
       if (blockLen <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
       int lines = (iLen+blockLen-1) / blockLen;
       int bufLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4 + lines*lineSeparator.length();
       StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(bufLen);
       int ip = 0;
       while (ip < iLen) {
          int l = Math.min(iLen-ip, blockLen);
          buf.append (encode(in, iOff+ip, l));
          buf.append (lineSeparator);
          ip += l; }
       return buf.toString(); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in) {
       return encode(in, 0, in.length); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iLen) {
       return encode(in, 0, iLen); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen) {
       int oDataLen = (iLen*4+2)/3;       // output length without padding
       int oLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4;         // output length including padding
       char[] out = new char[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) {
          int i0 = in[ip++] & 0xff;
          int i1 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int o0 = i0 >>> 2;
          int o1 = ((i0 &   3) << 4) | (i1 >>> 4);
          int o2 = ((i1 & 0xf) << 2) | (i2 >>> 6);
          int o3 = i2 & 0x3F;
          out[op++] = map1[o0];
          out[op++] = map1[o1];
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o2] : '='; op++;
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o3] : '='; op++; }
       return out; }

    /**
    * Decodes a string from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   A String containing the decoded data.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String decodeString (String s) {
       return new String(decode(s)); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format and ignores line separators, tabs and blanks.
    * CR, LF, Tab and Space characters are ignored in the input data.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Decoder.decodeBuffer(String)</code>.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decodeLines (String s) {
       char[] buf = new char[s.length()];
       int p = 0;
       for (int ip = 0; ip < s.length(); ip++) {
          char c = s.charAt(ip);
          if (c != ' ' && c != '\r' && c != '\n' && c != '\t')
             buf[p++] = c; }
       return decode(buf, 0, p); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (String s) {
       return decode(s.toCharArray()); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in  A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @return    An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws    IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in) {
       return decode(in, 0, in.length); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first character in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of characters to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws      IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in, int iOff, int iLen) {
       if (iLen%4 != 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Length of Base64 encoded input string is not a multiple of 4.");
       while (iLen > 0 && in[iOff+iLen-1] == '=') iLen--;
       int oLen = (iLen*3) / 4;
       byte[] out = new byte[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) {
          int i0 = in[ip++];
          int i1 = in[ip++];
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          int i3 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          if (i0 > 127 || i1 > 127 || i2 > 127 || i3 > 127)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int b0 = map2[i0];
          int b1 = map2[i1];
          int b2 = map2[i2];
          int b3 = map2[i3];
          if (b0 < 0 || b1 < 0 || b2 < 0 || b3 < 0)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int o0 = ( b0       <<2) | (b1>>>4);
          int o1 = ((b1 & 0xf)<<4) | (b2>>>2);
          int o2 = ((b2 &   3)<<6) |  b3;
          out[op++] = (byte)o0;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o1;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o2; }
       return out; }

    // Dummy constructor.
    private Base64Coder() {}
}

In alternativa alle sun.misc.BASE64Decoderlibrerie o non core, guarda javax.mail.internet.MimeUtility.decode().

public static byte[] encode(byte[] b) throws Exception {
    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    OutputStream b64os = MimeUtility.encode(baos, "base64");
    b64os.write(b);
    b64os.close();
    return baos.toByteArray();
}
public static byte[] decode(byte[] b) throws Exception {
    ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(b);
    InputStream b64is = MimeUtility.decode(bais, "base64");
    byte[] tmp = new byte[b.length];
    int n = b64is.read(tmp);
    byte[] res = new byte[n];
    System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, res, 0, n);
    return res;
}

Collegamento con codice completo: codifica / decodifica da / verso Base64

Un'altra risposta tardiva, ma il mio benchmarking mostra che l'implementazione dell'encoder Base64 di Jetty è piuttosto veloce. Non veloce come MiGBase64 ma più veloce di iHarder Base64 .

import org.eclipse.jetty.util.B64Code;

final String decoded = B64Code.decode(encoded, "UTF-8");

Ho anche fatto alcuni benchmark:

      library     |    encode    |    decode   
------------------+--------------+-------------
 'MiGBase64'      |  10146001.00 |  6426446.00
 'Jetty B64Code'  |   8846191.00 |  3101361.75
 'iHarder Base64' |   3259590.50 |  2505280.00
 'Commons-Codec'  |    241318.04 |   255179.96

Si tratta di corse al secondo, quindi più in alto è meglio.

Dato un test di codifica / decodifica esempio di javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter utilizzando metodi parseBase64Binary () e printBase64Binary () riferendosi @ jeremy-ross e risposta @nightfirecat.

@Test
public void EncodeDecode() {
    //ENCODE
    String hello = "Hello World";
    byte[] helloBytes = hello.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    String encodedHello = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(helloBytes);
    LOGGER.info(hello + " encoded=> " + encodedHello);

    //DECODE
    byte[] encodedHelloBytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encodedHello);
    String helloAgain = new String(encodedHelloBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) ;
    LOGGER.info(encodedHello + " decoded=> " + helloAgain);

    Assert.assertEquals(hello, helloAgain);
}

Risultato:

INFO - Hello World encoded=> SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=
INFO - SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ= decoded=> Hello World

Se preferisci una soluzione basata sulle prestazioni, puoi utilizzare "MiGBase64"

http://migbase64.sourceforge.net/

public class Base64Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    String encodeToString = Base64.encodeToString("JavaTips.net".getBytes(), true);
    System.out.println("encodeToString " + encodeToString);
    byte[] decodedBytes = Base64.decode(encodeToString.getBytes());
    System.out.println("decodedBytes " + new String(decodedBytes));
    }
}

Questa è una risposta tardiva , ma Joshua Bloch ha impegnato la sua Base64classe (quando lavorava per Sun, ahem, Oracle) sotto il java.util.prefspacchetto. Questa classe esiste dal JDK 1.4.

Per esempio

String currentString = "Hello World";
String base64String = java.util.prefs.Base64.byteArrayToBase64(currentString.getBytes("UTF-8"));

Spero che questo ti aiuti:

import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
String str="Hello World";
String base64_str=Base64.encode(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));

O:

String str="Hello World";
String base64_str="";
try
   {base64_str=(String)Class.forName("java.util.prefs.Base64").getDeclaredMethod("byteArrayToBase64", new Class[]{byte[].class}).invoke(null, new Object[]{str.getBytes("UTF-8")});
   }
catch (Exception ee) {}

java.util.prefs.Base64 funziona su locale rt.jar ,

Ma non è nella lista bianca della classe JRE

e non nelle classi disponibili non elencate nella white list GAE / J

Che peccato!

PS. In Android, è facile perché android.util.Base64è stato incluso dall'API Android Livello 8.

È possibile scrivere o scaricare file dalla stringa Base64 codificata:

Base64 base64 = new Base64(); 
String encodedFile="JVBERi0xLjUKJeLjz9MKMSAwIG9iago8PCAKICAgL1R5cGUgL0NhdGFsb2cKICAgL1BhZ2VzIDIgMCBSCiAgIC9QYWdlTGF5b3V0IC9TaW5"; 
              byte[] dd=encodedFile.getBytes();
            byte[] bytes = Base64.decodeBase64(dd);

 response.setHeader("Content-disposition", "attachment; filename=\""+filename+"\"");
            response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
            response.setHeader("Expires", "-1");

            // actually send result bytes
            response.getOutputStream().write(bytes);

Ha funzionato per me e spero anche per te ...

L'implementazione di Java 8 java.util.Base64non ha dipendenze da altre classi specifiche di Java 8.

Non sono sicuro che funzionerà per il progetto Java 6, ma è possibile copiare e incollare il Base64.javafile in un progetto Java 7 e compilarlo senza alcuna modifica oltre all'importazione di java.util.Arrays ejava.util.Objects .

Nota: il file Base64.java è coperto da GNU GPL2

Ho usato android.util.base64che funziona abbastanza bene senza dipendenze:

Uso:

byte[] decodedKey = Base64.decode(encodedPublicKey, Base64.DEFAULT);

pacchetto com.test;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

/**
 * Utilities for encoding and decoding the Base64 representation of
 * binary data.  See RFCs <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">2045</a> and <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3548.txt">3548</a>.
 */
public class Base64 {

    public static final int DEFAULT = 0;


    public static final int NO_PADDING = 1;


    public static final int NO_WRAP = 2;


    public static final int CRLF = 4;


    public static final int URL_SAFE = 8;


    public static final int NO_CLOSE = 16;

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  shared code
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /* package */ static abstract class Coder {
        public byte[] output;
        public int op;

        public abstract boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish);


        public abstract int maxOutputSize(int len);
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  decoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------


    public static byte[] decode(String str, int flags) {
        return decode(str.getBytes(), flags);
    }

    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return decode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }


    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        // Allocate space for the most data the input could represent.
        // (It could contain less if it contains whitespace, etc.)
        Decoder decoder = new Decoder(flags, new byte[len*3/4]);

        if (!decoder.process(input, offset, len, true)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad base-64");
        }

        // Maybe we got lucky and allocated exactly enough output space.
        if (decoder.op == decoder.output.length) {
            return decoder.output;
        }

        // Need to shorten the array, so allocate a new one of the
        // right size and copy.
        byte[] temp = new byte[decoder.op];
        System.arraycopy(decoder.output, 0, temp, 0, decoder.op);
        return temp;
    }

   static class Decoder extends Coder {       
        private static final int DECODE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /**
         * Decode lookup table for the "web safe" variant (RFC 3548
         * sec. 4) where - and _ replace + and /.
         */
        private static final int DECODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /** Non-data values in the DECODE arrays. */
        private static final int SKIP = -1;
        private static final int EQUALS = -2;


        private int state;   // state number (0 to 6)
        private int value;

        final private int[] alphabet;

        public Decoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? DECODE : DECODE_WEBSAFE;
            state = 0;
            value = 0;
        }


        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 3/4 + 10;
        }

        /**
         * Decode another block of input data.
         *
         * @return true if the state machine is still healthy.  false if
         *         bad base-64 data has been detected in the input stream.
         */
        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            if (this.state == 6) return false;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;

            int state = this.state;
            int value = this.value;
            int op = 0;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            final int[] alphabet = this.alphabet;

            while (p < len) {                
                if (state == 0) {
                    while (p+4 <= len &&
                           (value = ((alphabet[input[p] & 0xff] << 18) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+1] & 0xff] << 12) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+2] & 0xff] << 6) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+3] & 0xff]))) >= 0) {
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        p += 4;
                    }
                    if (p >= len) break;
                }

                int d = alphabet[input[p++] & 0xff];

                switch (state) {
                case 0:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect exactly one more padding character.
                        output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                        state = 4;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 3:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        // Emit the output triple and return to state 0.
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        state = 0;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect no further data or padding characters.
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                        op += 2;
                        state = 5;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 4:
                    if (d == EQUALS) {
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 5:
                    if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!finish) {
                // We're out of input, but a future call could provide
                // more.
                this.state = state;
                this.value = value;
                this.op = op;
                return true;
            }


            switch (state) {
            case 0:
                break;
            case 1:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 2:
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                break;
            case 3:
               output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                break;
            case 4:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 5:
                break;
            }

            this.state = state;
            this.op = op;
            return true;
        }
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  encoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------    
    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }


    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, offset, len, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return encode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        Encoder encoder = new Encoder(flags, null);

        // Compute the exact length of the array we will produce.
        int output_len = len / 3 * 4;

        // Account for the tail of the data and the padding bytes, if any.
        if (encoder.do_padding) {
            if (len % 3 > 0) {
                output_len += 4;
            }
        } else {
            switch (len % 3) {
                case 0: break;
                case 1: output_len += 2; break;
                case 2: output_len += 3; break;
            }
        }

        // Account for the newlines, if any.
        if (encoder.do_newline && len > 0) {
            output_len += (((len-1) / (3 * Encoder.LINE_GROUPS)) + 1) *
                (encoder.do_cr ? 2 : 1);
        }

        encoder.output = new byte[output_len];
        encoder.process(input, offset, len, true);

        assert encoder.op == output_len;

        return encoder.output;
    }

    /* package */ static class Encoder extends Coder {
        /**
         * Emit a new line every this many output tuples.  Corresponds to
         * a 76-character line length (the maximum allowable according to
         * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>).
         */
        public static final int LINE_GROUPS = 19;

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
        };

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_',
        };

        final private byte[] tail;
        /* package */ int tailLen;
        private int count;

        final public boolean do_padding;
        final public boolean do_newline;
        final public boolean do_cr;
        final private byte[] alphabet;

        public Encoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            do_padding = (flags & NO_PADDING) == 0;
            do_newline = (flags & NO_WRAP) == 0;
            do_cr = (flags & CRLF) != 0;
            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? ENCODE : ENCODE_WEBSAFE;

            tail = new byte[2];
            tailLen = 0;

            count = do_newline ? LINE_GROUPS : -1;
        }

        /**
         * @return an overestimate for the number of bytes {@code
         * len} bytes could encode to.
         */
        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 8/5 + 10;
        }

        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            // Using local variables makes the encoder about 9% faster.
            final byte[] alphabet = this.alphabet;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            int op = 0;
            int count = this.count;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;
            int v = -1;

            // First we need to concatenate the tail of the previous call
            // with any input bytes available now and see if we can empty
            // the tail.

            switch (tailLen) {
                case 0:
                    // There was no tail.
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (p+2 <= len) {
                        // A 1-byte tail with at least 2 bytes of
                        // input available now.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((input[p++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    };
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (p+1 <= len) {
                        // A 2-byte tail with at least 1 byte of input.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((tail[1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    }
                    break;
            }

            if (v != -1) {
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            // At this point either there is no tail, or there are fewer
            // than 3 bytes of input available.

            // The main loop, turning 3 input bytes into 4 output bytes on
            // each iteration.
            while (p+3 <= len) {
                v = ((input[p] & 0xff) << 16) |
                    ((input[p+1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                    (input[p+2] & 0xff);
                output[op] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op+1] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op+2] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op+3] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                p += 3;
                op += 4;
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            if (finish) {

                if (p-tailLen == len-1) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = ((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 4;
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (p-tailLen == len-2) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = (((tailLen > 1 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 10) |
                        (((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 2);
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (do_newline && op > 0 && count != LINE_GROUPS) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                }

                assert tailLen == 0;
                assert p == len;
            } else {
                // Save the leftovers in tail to be consumed on the next
                // call to encodeInternal.

                if (p == len-1) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                } else if (p == len-2) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p+1];
                }
            }

            this.op = op;
            this.count = count;

            return true;
        }
    }

    private Base64() { }   // don't instantiate
}