Come recuperare l'elemento effettivo da HashSet <T>?

Ho letto questa domanda sul perché non è possibile, ma non ho trovato una soluzione al problema.

Vorrei recuperare un elemento da un .NET HashSet<T>. Sto cercando un metodo che abbia questa firma:

/// <summary>
/// Determines if this set contains an item equal to <paramref name="item"/>, 
/// according to the comparison mechanism that was used when the set was created. 
/// The set is not changed. If the set does contain an item equal to 
/// <paramref name="item"/>, then the item from the set is returned.
/// </summary>
bool TryGetItem<T>(T item, out T foundItem);

La ricerca del set per un elemento con un tale metodo sarebbe O (1). L'unico modo per recuperare un elemento da a HashSet<T>è enumerare tutti gli elementi che è O (n).

Non ho trovato alcuna soluzione a questo problema se non crearne uno mio HashSet<T>o utilizzare un file Dictionary<K, V>. Qualche altra idea?

Nota:
non voglio controllare se HashSet<T>contiene l'elemento. Voglio ottenere il riferimento all'elemento memorizzato in HashSet<T>perché ho bisogno di aggiornarlo (senza sostituirlo con un'altra istanza). L'oggetto a cui passerei TryGetItemsarebbe uguale (secondo il meccanismo di confronto che ho passato al costruttore) ma non sarebbe lo stesso riferimento.

Quello che stai chiedendo è stato aggiunto a .NET Core un anno fa ed è stato aggiunto di recente a .NET 4.7.2 :

In .NET Framework 4.7.2 abbiamo aggiunto alcune API ai tipi di raccolta standard che abiliteranno nuove funzionalità come segue.
- "TryGetValue" viene aggiunto a SortedSet e HashSet in modo che corrisponda al modello Try utilizzato in altri tipi di raccolta.

La firma è la seguente (disponibile in .NET 4.7.2 e versioni successive):

    //
    // Summary:
    //     Searches the set for a given value and returns the equal value it finds, if any.
    //
    // Parameters:
    //   equalValue:
    //     The value to search for.
    //
    //   actualValue:
    //     The value from the set that the search found, or the default value of T when
    //     the search yielded no match.
    //
    // Returns:
    //     A value indicating whether the search was successful.
    public bool TryGetValue(T equalValue, out T actualValue);

PS .: Nel caso tu sia interessato, c'è una funzione correlata che aggiungeranno in futuro : HashSet.GetOrAdd (T).

Questa è in realtà un'enorme omissione nel set di raccolte. Avresti bisogno di un dizionario solo delle chiavi o di un HashSet che consenta il recupero dei riferimenti agli oggetti. Così tante persone l'hanno chiesto, perché non viene risolto è al di là di me.

Senza librerie di terze parti, la soluzione migliore è usare Dictionary<T, T>con chiavi identiche ai valori, poiché Dictionary memorizza le sue voci come una tabella hash. Dal punto di vista delle prestazioni è lo stesso di HashSet, ma ovviamente spreca memoria (dimensione di un puntatore per voce).

Dictionary<T, T> myHashedCollection;
...
if(myHashedCollection.ContainsKey[item])
    item = myHashedCollection[item]; //replace duplicate
else
    myHashedCollection.Add(item, item); //add previously unknown item
...
//work with unique item

Questo metodo è stato aggiunto a .NET Framework 4.7.2 (e .NET Core 2.0 prima); vedere HashSet<T>.TryGetValue. Citando la fonte :

/// <summary>
/// Searches the set for a given value and returns the equal value it finds, if any.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="equalValue">The value to search for.
/// </param>
/// <param name="actualValue">
/// The value from the set that the search found, or the default value
/// of <typeparamref name="T"/> when the search yielded no match.</param>
/// <returns>A value indicating whether the search was successful.</returns>
/// <remarks>
/// This can be useful when you want to reuse a previously stored reference instead of 
/// a newly constructed one (so that more sharing of references can occur) or to look up
/// a value that has more complete data than the value you currently have, although their
/// comparer functions indicate they are equal.
/// </remarks>
public bool TryGetValue(T equalValue, out T actualValue)

Che dire del sovraccarico dell'operatore di confronto di uguaglianza di stringhe:

  class StringEqualityComparer : IEqualityComparer<String>
{
    public string val1;
    public bool Equals(String s1, String s2)
    {
        if (!s1.Equals(s2)) return false;
        val1 = s1;
        return true;
    }

    public int GetHashCode(String s)
    {
        return s.GetHashCode();
    }
}
public static class HashSetExtension
{
    public static bool TryGetValue(this HashSet<string> hs, string value, out string valout)
    {
        if (hs.Contains(value))
        {
            valout=(hs.Comparer as StringEqualityComparer).val1;
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            valout = null;
            return false;
        }
    }
}

E quindi dichiara l'HashSet come:

HashSet<string> hs = new HashSet<string>(new StringEqualityComparer());

Ok, quindi puoi farlo in questo modo

YourObject x = yourHashSet.Where(w => w.Name.Contains("strin")).FirstOrDefault();

Questo per ottenere una nuova istanza dell'oggetto selezionato. Per aggiornare il tuo oggetto, dovresti usare:

yourHashSet.Where(w => w.Name.Contains("strin")).FirstOrDefault().MyProperty = "something";

Ora .NET Core 2.0 ha questo metodo esatto.

Metodo HashSet.TryGetValue (T, T)

Un altro trucco potrebbe fare Reflection, accedendo alla funzione interna InternalIndexOfdi HashSet. Tieni presente che i nomi dei campi sono hardcoded, quindi se questi cambiano nelle prossime versioni di .NET questo si interromperà.

Nota: se utilizzi Mono, devi modificare il nome del campo da m_slotsa _slots.

internal static class HashSetExtensions<T>
{
    public delegate bool GetValue(HashSet<T> source, T equalValue, out T actualValue);

    public static GetValue TryGetValue { get; }

    static HashSetExtensions() {
        var targetExp = Expression.Parameter(typeof(HashSet<T>), "target");
        var itemExp   = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "item");
        var actualValueExp = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T).MakeByRefType(), "actualValueExp");

        var indexVar = Expression.Variable(typeof(int), "index");
        // ReSharper disable once AssignNullToNotNullAttribute
        var indexExp = Expression.Call(targetExp, typeof(HashSet<T>).GetMethod("InternalIndexOf", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance), itemExp);

        var truePart = Expression.Block(
            Expression.Assign(
                actualValueExp, Expression.Field(
                    Expression.ArrayAccess(
                        // ReSharper disable once AssignNullToNotNullAttribute
                        Expression.Field(targetExp, typeof(HashSet<T>).GetField("m_slots", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)), indexVar),
                    "value")),
            Expression.Constant(true));

        var falsePart = Expression.Constant(false);

        var block = Expression.Block(
            new[] { indexVar },
            Expression.Assign(indexVar, indexExp),
            Expression.Condition(
                Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(indexVar, Expression.Constant(0)),
                truePart,
                falsePart));

        TryGetValue = Expression.Lambda<GetValue>(block, targetExp, itemExp, actualValueExp).Compile();
    }
}

public static class Extensions
{
    public static bool TryGetValue2<T>(this HashSet<T> source, T equalValue,  out T actualValue) {
        if (source.Count > 0) {
            if (HashSetExtensions<T>.TryGetValue(source, equalValue, out actualValue)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        actualValue = default;
        return false;
    }
}

Test:

var x = new HashSet<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
if (x.TryGetValue2(1, out var value)) {
    Console.WriteLine(value);
}

SortedSet avrebbe probabilmente un tempo di ricerca O (log n) in quella circostanza, se l'utilizzo di questa è un'opzione. Ancora non O (1), ma almeno meglio.

Implementazione modificata della risposta @ mp666 in modo che possa essere utilizzata per qualsiasi tipo di HashSet e consente di sovrascrivere l'operatore di confronto di uguaglianza predefinito.

public interface IRetainingComparer<T> : IEqualityComparer<T>
{
    T Key { get; }
    void ClearKeyCache();
}

/// <summary>
/// An <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}"/> that retains the last key that successfully passed <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}.Equals(T,T)"/>.
/// This class relies on the fact that <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> calls the <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}.Equals(T,T)"/> with the first parameter
/// being an existing element and the second parameter being the one passed to the initiating call to <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> (eg. <see cref="HashSet{T}.Contains(T)"/>).
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of object being compared.</typeparam>
/// <remarks>This class is thread-safe but may should not be used with any sort of parallel access (PLINQ).</remarks>
public class RetainingEqualityComparerObject<T> : IRetainingComparer<T> where T : class
{
    private readonly IEqualityComparer<T> _comparer;

    [ThreadStatic]
    private static WeakReference<T> _retained;

    public RetainingEqualityComparerObject(IEqualityComparer<T> comparer)
    {
        _comparer = comparer;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The retained instance on side 'a' of the <see cref="Equals"/> call which successfully met the equality requirement agains side 'b'.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Uses a <see cref="WeakReference{T}"/> so unintended memory leaks are not encountered.</remarks>
    public T Key
    {
        get
        {
            T retained;
            return _retained == null ? null : _retained.TryGetTarget(out retained) ? retained : null;
        }
    }


    /// <summary>
    /// Sets the retained <see cref="Key"/> to the default value.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>This should be called prior to performing an operation that calls <see cref="Equals"/>.</remarks>
    public void ClearKeyCache()
    {
        _retained = _retained ?? new WeakReference<T>(null);
        _retained.SetTarget(null);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Test two objects of type <see cref="T"/> for equality retaining the object if successful.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="a">An instance of <see cref="T"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="b">A second instance of <see cref="T"/> to compare against <paramref name="a"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>True if <paramref name="a"/> and <paramref name="b"/> are equal, false otherwise.</returns>
    public bool Equals(T a, T b)
    {
        if (!_comparer.Equals(a, b))
        {
            return false;
        }

        _retained = _retained ?? new WeakReference<T>(null);
        _retained.SetTarget(a);
        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the hash code value of an instance of <see cref="T"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="o">The instance of <see cref="T"/> to obtain a hash code from.</param>
    /// <returns>The hash code value from <paramref name="o"/>.</returns>
    public int GetHashCode(T o)
    {
        return _comparer.GetHashCode(o);
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// An <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}"/> that retains the last key that successfully passed <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}.Equals(T,T)"/>.
/// This class relies on the fact that <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> calls the <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}.Equals(T,T)"/> with the first parameter
/// being an existing element and the second parameter being the one passed to the initiating call to <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> (eg. <see cref="HashSet{T}.Contains(T)"/>).
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of object being compared.</typeparam>
/// <remarks>This class is thread-safe but may should not be used with any sort of parallel access (PLINQ).</remarks>
public class RetainingEqualityComparerStruct<T> : IRetainingComparer<T> where T : struct 
{
    private readonly IEqualityComparer<T> _comparer;

    [ThreadStatic]
    private static T _retained;

    public RetainingEqualityComparerStruct(IEqualityComparer<T> comparer)
    {
        _comparer = comparer;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The retained instance on side 'a' of the <see cref="Equals"/> call which successfully met the equality requirement agains side 'b'.
    /// </summary>
    public T Key => _retained;


    /// <summary>
    /// Sets the retained <see cref="Key"/> to the default value.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>This should be called prior to performing an operation that calls <see cref="Equals"/>.</remarks>
    public void ClearKeyCache()
    {
        _retained = default(T);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Test two objects of type <see cref="T"/> for equality retaining the object if successful.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="a">An instance of <see cref="T"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="b">A second instance of <see cref="T"/> to compare against <paramref name="a"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>True if <paramref name="a"/> and <paramref name="b"/> are equal, false otherwise.</returns>
    public bool Equals(T a, T b)
    {
        if (!_comparer.Equals(a, b))
        {
            return false;
        }

        _retained = a;
        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the hash code value of an instance of <see cref="T"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="o">The instance of <see cref="T"/> to obtain a hash code from.</param>
    /// <returns>The hash code value from <paramref name="o"/>.</returns>
    public int GetHashCode(T o)
    {
        return _comparer.GetHashCode(o);
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Provides TryGetValue{T} functionality similar to that of <see cref="IDictionary{TKey,TValue}"/>'s implementation.
/// </summary>
public class ExtendedHashSet<T> : HashSet<T>
{
    /// <summary>
    /// This class is guaranteed to wrap the <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}"/> with one of the <see cref="IRetainingComparer{T}"/>
    /// implementations so this property gives convenient access to the interfaced comparer.
    /// </summary>
    private IRetainingComparer<T> RetainingComparer => (IRetainingComparer<T>)Comparer;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates either a <see cref="RetainingEqualityComparerStruct{T}"/> or <see cref="RetainingEqualityComparerObject{T}"/>
    /// depending on if <see cref="T"/> is a reference type or a value type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="comparer">(optional) The <see cref="IEqualityComparer{T}"/> to wrap. This will be set to <see cref="EqualityComparer{T}.Default"/> if none provided.</param>
    /// <returns>An instance of <see cref="IRetainingComparer{T}"/>.</returns>
    private static IRetainingComparer<T> Create(IEqualityComparer<T> comparer = null)
    {
        return (IRetainingComparer<T>) (typeof(T).IsValueType ? 
            Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(RetainingEqualityComparerStruct<>)
                .MakeGenericType(typeof(T)), comparer ?? EqualityComparer<T>.Default)
            :
            Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(RetainingEqualityComparerObject<>)
                .MakeGenericType(typeof(T)), comparer ?? EqualityComparer<T>.Default));
    }

    public ExtendedHashSet() : base(Create())
    {
    }

    public ExtendedHashSet(IEqualityComparer<T> comparer) : base(Create(comparer))
    {
    }

    public ExtendedHashSet(IEnumerable<T> collection) : base(collection, Create())
    {
    }

    public ExtendedHashSet(IEnumerable<T> collection, IEqualityComparer<T> comparer) : base(collection, Create(comparer))
    {
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Attempts to find a key in the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> and, if found, places the instance in <paramref name="original"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="value">The key used to search the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="original">
    /// The matched instance from the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> which is not neccessarily the same as <paramref name="value"/>.
    /// This will be set to null for reference types or default(T) for value types when no match found.
    /// </param>
    /// <returns>True if a key in the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> matched <paramref name="value"/>, False if no match found.</returns>
    public bool TryGetValue(T value, out T original)
    {
        var comparer = RetainingComparer;
        comparer.ClearKeyCache();

        if (Contains(value))
        {
            original = comparer.Key;
            return true;
        }

        original = default(T);
        return false;
    }
}

public static class HashSetExtensions
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Attempts to find a key in the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> and, if found, places the instance in <paramref name="original"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hashSet">The instance of <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> extended.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The key used to search the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="original">
    /// The matched instance from the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> which is not neccessarily the same as <paramref name="value"/>.
    /// This will be set to null for reference types or default(T) for value types when no match found.
    /// </param>
    /// <returns>True if a key in the <see cref="HashSet{T}"/> matched <paramref name="value"/>, False if no match found.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">If <paramref name="hashSet"/> is null.</exception>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
    /// If <paramref name="hashSet"/> does not have a <see cref="HashSet{T}.Comparer"/> of type <see cref="IRetainingComparer{T}"/>.
    /// </exception>
    public static bool TryGetValue<T>(this HashSet<T> hashSet, T value, out T original)
    {
        if (hashSet == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hashSet));
        }

        if (hashSet.Comparer.GetType().IsInstanceOfType(typeof(IRetainingComparer<T>)))
        {
            throw new ArgumentException($"HashSet must have an equality comparer of type '{nameof(IRetainingComparer<T>)}' to use this functionality", nameof(hashSet));
        }

        var comparer = (IRetainingComparer<T>)hashSet.Comparer;
        comparer.ClearKeyCache();

        if (hashSet.Contains(value))
        {
            original = comparer.Key;
            return true;
        }

        original = default(T);
        return false;
    }
}

HashSet ha un metodo Contains (T) .

È possibile specificare un IEqualityComparer se è necessario un metodo di confronto personalizzato (ad esempio, memorizzare un oggetto persona, ma utilizzare il SSN per il confronto di uguaglianza).

Puoi anche usare il metodo ToList () e applicare un indicizzatore a quello.

HashSet<string> mySet = new HashSet();
mySet.Add("mykey");
string key = mySet.toList()[0];